Sub Point Unit-3 (D)Indian Culture
Difference between Culture and civilization
Culture Civilization
1It’s an abstract, invisible 1.It’s a concrete, visible
2It touches to the mental aspects 2.It touches to the economical and physical
aspects
3It can measured 3.It cannot be measured
4Less dynamic 4.More dynamic
5It cannot be given to others 5.It can be given to others
6Culture is different from place to place in the entire World 6.One civilization
can be possible in the entire World
7Culture cannot be a medium for civilization 7.Civilization can become a medium
for culture
8Culture is higher than civilization 8.Civilization is providing one type of
atmosphere for culture
9Men’s control over internal virtues is called culture 9.Men’s victory over
nature is called civilization
10Culture is almost inflexible 10.Civilization is flexible and measure
Maciver said “Our culture is what we are and our civilization is what we use”
Monday, September 6, 2010
Concept of Philosophy and philosophy of Education
Core-1 Unit-1
Sub point –[A] Education and Philosophy
What is Philosophy?
In simple words, Philosophy is a way of life. It is an attitude towards life. Every Human being has a philosophy of his own whether it is good or bad .It does not matter that someone thinks in bad way and he has negative point of view that is his philosophy. From our birth we learn what is right and what is wrong and when we have our own view about correct and false but we don’t know that this would be considered as a philosophy of ours. A man starts/begins his learning from his birth and it ends at his death and in between these starting point to the goal he has his own attitude towards life and he passes his journey of life through his attitude, thinking and sense of judgment What is this? This is philosophy of his towards life.
The word ‘philosophy’ is derived from two Greek words- Philos’ and ‘sophia’ Where philos means ‘love’ and Sophia means ‘wisdom’. Thus philosophy means love of wisdom.
We all know what wisdom is. It means the knowledge that a society or culture has gained over a long period of time. As above Mentioned philosophy means love of wisdom- this suggests philosophy is a science through which we see or receive the knowledge of reality.
According to Dr. Radhakrishnan “Philosophy is a logical enquiry in to the nature of reality”
This means philosophy is an investigation or probing to know what is wrong –and what is right-the real thing but it is rational probing in the world that exist around us.
J.Raymant “Philosophy is an unceasing effort to discern the general truth that lies behind appearance”
Here j. Rayment is of the opinion that philosophy is the endless effort to be aware of or to recognize the truth which hides behind reality or in other words we can say it is a continuous process to find out the truth is science of value par excellence.
According to Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher-“Philosophy is the science and criticism of cognition” And in the words of B. Russel, The truth philosopher –“Philosophy is like all other studies aims primarily at knowledge”
These means that philosophy is deals with Being as much as with becoming. Thus it includes science within its ken. Man experiences eternity as well as change. Philosophy is an explanation of the total experience of man, seeks the integral truth i.e. knowledge. It should widen its field to include all types of experience, religious, moral, scientific, spiritual etc. It is also said that ”A true philosophy is an” aspirate de ensemble’, a synoptic vision of reality. It is the intellectual search for the fundamental truth for things.”
All there mean that philosophy is abstract difficult discipline. It has its own vocabulary. It provides means to lead a kind of life.
“Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don’t know” - Bertrand Russell
“Philosophy as rightly defined is nothing but the love of wisdom” -Cicero
“Some would reject every philosophy, but that rejection is itself a philosophy” - V. Samuel
“Whence?, whether?, why? and How? These questions cover all philosophy.” -Joseph Joubert
“Higher education results in philosophy and philosophy is a guide to action”. – S. Radhakrishnan
‘Philosophy asks the simple question: What is it all about? - A. N. Whitehead
“Philosophy is an art of living”
- Plutarch
”Philosophy: a route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing”
- Bierce
What is Education:-
We all know what is education? In simple words, it is a process of teaching, training and learning especially in schools or colleges, to improve knowledge and develop skills. It has been taken from the word educare – which means to bring up or to draw out respectively. It can be defined as the instrument for developing the best in man. It is also a socially approved activity which helps a person to grow and develop to the fullest.
Rig Veda defines “Education is something that makes a man self-reliant and selfless.” That means education is a continuous process which moulds every human being and makes them self reliant. According to Aristotle- “education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body.” Here Aristotle points out that it is the process which produces reliable sensible- that is likely to correct mind in a sensible body. This suggests self development. T. Raymont is of the opinion that “education is the complete development from infancy to maturity, the process by which he adopts himself gradually in various ways of his physical, social and spiritual environment.” Raymont suggests all-round development of the self.
Point [A] II. Cocept of Philosophy of Education:-
Philosophy of education is eventually a method of approaching educational experience. It is the criticism of the general theory of education. It consists of critical evaluation and systematic reflection upon general theories. It is a synthesis of educational facts with education values. In brief it is a philosophical process of solving educational problems through philosophical method, from philosophical attitude to arrive at philosophical conclusions and results. The main problems of philosophy of education includes aim and ideals of education, analysis of human nature, relationship of education and state, educational values, theory of knowledge and its relationship to education, economic system and education, the place of school in educational system, the curriculum and the process of education and finally the relationship of education and social progress. Following are the problems of education, education philosophy helps to solve these kinds of problems:-
1. Why do we educate?
It deals with the aims of education or purpose behind the teaching-learning process. It suggests the development i.e. overall development- psychological, spiritual, physical, social & moral…. Bread & butter aim, developing skills, economic development, and acceptance and understanding culture and so on. These are the common aims to set education.
2. What do we mean by teaching or education?
This suggests the continuous process of education- what is education? It takes place in a formal way by importing knowledge to bring about desirable change in a person’s/learner’s behavior. Everyone learns not only from schooling or colleges but also from day to day experiences and from environment. It is a continuous process from womb to tomb.
3. What to teach?
This question points out the course content means which subjects to teach – math, science, social studies, English, Guajarati, Hindi….. and in subjects which are the topics to teach if it is language then poetry, prose, grammar should be taught or if it is mathematics then at which level, which kind of math’s should be taught, e.g. at third standard a teacher ought to teach some simple sums related to multiplication, substraction, addition and so on.
4. How to teach?
This question gives answer to which methodologies, approaches and techniques are used to teach whether to use lecture method, seminar and workshop, group discussion, play-way technique, communicative approach & so on.
5. Whom to teach?
Here this question focuses the role of students as well as role of a teacher. A teacher should be taken in to consideration the level of students and then he should decide that which one is appropriate method, approach & technique. The level of students contains primary class student, secondary level, collegiate level etc.
6. What is the role of a teacher?
In teaching-learning process, teacher’s role is very important role. She/he plays different role in education, e.g. as a role model, a guide, a motivator, a facilitator and so on. Students observe their teacher and also follow them so teacher is a role model for them. A teacher always motivate/encourage the students to speak out, to participate in different activities etc. so she/he is a motivator. A teacher provides a platform and creates an opportunity to bring out the inner talent of the learners and also identify their specially and she/he allows to flourish it so she/he also plays a role of a facilitator.
7. Relation between teacher & learner:-
Relation between & teacher and learners should be more friendly and approachable. And how a teacher establishes rapport between him & students and which are different methods to remove the distance between a teacher and learners? Educational philosophy helps to solve this problem.
8. How to evaluate?
Evaluation is necessary tool through which teacher comes to know about the progress of learners or where learners are lagging behind. In schools evaluation is done in two ways- 1. Summative evaluation: In which internal test and external test are kept in focus to judge the development of learners, which is on the basis of the marks or grade. 2. Formative evaluation examines all activities learners do which includes attendance, assignments, responsibilities, participation in co-curricular activities, behavior etc.
These are general problems, philosophy of education helps to solve them. We know that education deals with knowledge. It is determined by the sources, limits, criteria and means of knowledge. The discussion of all these however falls within the jurisdiction of epistemology, an area of philosophy. The most important service of philosophy of education to a cause of education everywhere, is the prescription of criteria for deciding the relationship of state and education, economic system and education curriculum administration, discipline, progress etc. and the most important part of the scope of the philosophy of education is formed by the education values which is determined by philosophical values. Thus philosophy of education is an important branch of applied philosophy of the three divisions of philosophy- metaphysics, epistemology and axiology; philosophy of education falls in the third. It is, therefore, mainly concerned with education values.
Sub point –[A] Education and Philosophy
What is Philosophy?
In simple words, Philosophy is a way of life. It is an attitude towards life. Every Human being has a philosophy of his own whether it is good or bad .It does not matter that someone thinks in bad way and he has negative point of view that is his philosophy. From our birth we learn what is right and what is wrong and when we have our own view about correct and false but we don’t know that this would be considered as a philosophy of ours. A man starts/begins his learning from his birth and it ends at his death and in between these starting point to the goal he has his own attitude towards life and he passes his journey of life through his attitude, thinking and sense of judgment What is this? This is philosophy of his towards life.
The word ‘philosophy’ is derived from two Greek words- Philos’ and ‘sophia’ Where philos means ‘love’ and Sophia means ‘wisdom’. Thus philosophy means love of wisdom.
We all know what wisdom is. It means the knowledge that a society or culture has gained over a long period of time. As above Mentioned philosophy means love of wisdom- this suggests philosophy is a science through which we see or receive the knowledge of reality.
According to Dr. Radhakrishnan “Philosophy is a logical enquiry in to the nature of reality”
This means philosophy is an investigation or probing to know what is wrong –and what is right-the real thing but it is rational probing in the world that exist around us.
J.Raymant “Philosophy is an unceasing effort to discern the general truth that lies behind appearance”
Here j. Rayment is of the opinion that philosophy is the endless effort to be aware of or to recognize the truth which hides behind reality or in other words we can say it is a continuous process to find out the truth is science of value par excellence.
According to Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher-“Philosophy is the science and criticism of cognition” And in the words of B. Russel, The truth philosopher –“Philosophy is like all other studies aims primarily at knowledge”
These means that philosophy is deals with Being as much as with becoming. Thus it includes science within its ken. Man experiences eternity as well as change. Philosophy is an explanation of the total experience of man, seeks the integral truth i.e. knowledge. It should widen its field to include all types of experience, religious, moral, scientific, spiritual etc. It is also said that ”A true philosophy is an” aspirate de ensemble’, a synoptic vision of reality. It is the intellectual search for the fundamental truth for things.”
All there mean that philosophy is abstract difficult discipline. It has its own vocabulary. It provides means to lead a kind of life.
“Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don’t know” - Bertrand Russell
“Philosophy as rightly defined is nothing but the love of wisdom” -Cicero
“Some would reject every philosophy, but that rejection is itself a philosophy” - V. Samuel
“Whence?, whether?, why? and How? These questions cover all philosophy.” -Joseph Joubert
“Higher education results in philosophy and philosophy is a guide to action”. – S. Radhakrishnan
‘Philosophy asks the simple question: What is it all about? - A. N. Whitehead
“Philosophy is an art of living”
- Plutarch
”Philosophy: a route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing”
- Bierce
What is Education:-
We all know what is education? In simple words, it is a process of teaching, training and learning especially in schools or colleges, to improve knowledge and develop skills. It has been taken from the word educare – which means to bring up or to draw out respectively. It can be defined as the instrument for developing the best in man. It is also a socially approved activity which helps a person to grow and develop to the fullest.
Rig Veda defines “Education is something that makes a man self-reliant and selfless.” That means education is a continuous process which moulds every human being and makes them self reliant. According to Aristotle- “education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body.” Here Aristotle points out that it is the process which produces reliable sensible- that is likely to correct mind in a sensible body. This suggests self development. T. Raymont is of the opinion that “education is the complete development from infancy to maturity, the process by which he adopts himself gradually in various ways of his physical, social and spiritual environment.” Raymont suggests all-round development of the self.
Point [A] II. Cocept of Philosophy of Education:-
Philosophy of education is eventually a method of approaching educational experience. It is the criticism of the general theory of education. It consists of critical evaluation and systematic reflection upon general theories. It is a synthesis of educational facts with education values. In brief it is a philosophical process of solving educational problems through philosophical method, from philosophical attitude to arrive at philosophical conclusions and results. The main problems of philosophy of education includes aim and ideals of education, analysis of human nature, relationship of education and state, educational values, theory of knowledge and its relationship to education, economic system and education, the place of school in educational system, the curriculum and the process of education and finally the relationship of education and social progress. Following are the problems of education, education philosophy helps to solve these kinds of problems:-
1. Why do we educate?
It deals with the aims of education or purpose behind the teaching-learning process. It suggests the development i.e. overall development- psychological, spiritual, physical, social & moral…. Bread & butter aim, developing skills, economic development, and acceptance and understanding culture and so on. These are the common aims to set education.
2. What do we mean by teaching or education?
This suggests the continuous process of education- what is education? It takes place in a formal way by importing knowledge to bring about desirable change in a person’s/learner’s behavior. Everyone learns not only from schooling or colleges but also from day to day experiences and from environment. It is a continuous process from womb to tomb.
3. What to teach?
This question points out the course content means which subjects to teach – math, science, social studies, English, Guajarati, Hindi….. and in subjects which are the topics to teach if it is language then poetry, prose, grammar should be taught or if it is mathematics then at which level, which kind of math’s should be taught, e.g. at third standard a teacher ought to teach some simple sums related to multiplication, substraction, addition and so on.
4. How to teach?
This question gives answer to which methodologies, approaches and techniques are used to teach whether to use lecture method, seminar and workshop, group discussion, play-way technique, communicative approach & so on.
5. Whom to teach?
Here this question focuses the role of students as well as role of a teacher. A teacher should be taken in to consideration the level of students and then he should decide that which one is appropriate method, approach & technique. The level of students contains primary class student, secondary level, collegiate level etc.
6. What is the role of a teacher?
In teaching-learning process, teacher’s role is very important role. She/he plays different role in education, e.g. as a role model, a guide, a motivator, a facilitator and so on. Students observe their teacher and also follow them so teacher is a role model for them. A teacher always motivate/encourage the students to speak out, to participate in different activities etc. so she/he is a motivator. A teacher provides a platform and creates an opportunity to bring out the inner talent of the learners and also identify their specially and she/he allows to flourish it so she/he also plays a role of a facilitator.
7. Relation between teacher & learner:-
Relation between & teacher and learners should be more friendly and approachable. And how a teacher establishes rapport between him & students and which are different methods to remove the distance between a teacher and learners? Educational philosophy helps to solve this problem.
8. How to evaluate?
Evaluation is necessary tool through which teacher comes to know about the progress of learners or where learners are lagging behind. In schools evaluation is done in two ways- 1. Summative evaluation: In which internal test and external test are kept in focus to judge the development of learners, which is on the basis of the marks or grade. 2. Formative evaluation examines all activities learners do which includes attendance, assignments, responsibilities, participation in co-curricular activities, behavior etc.
These are general problems, philosophy of education helps to solve them. We know that education deals with knowledge. It is determined by the sources, limits, criteria and means of knowledge. The discussion of all these however falls within the jurisdiction of epistemology, an area of philosophy. The most important service of philosophy of education to a cause of education everywhere, is the prescription of criteria for deciding the relationship of state and education, economic system and education curriculum administration, discipline, progress etc. and the most important part of the scope of the philosophy of education is formed by the education values which is determined by philosophical values. Thus philosophy of education is an important branch of applied philosophy of the three divisions of philosophy- metaphysics, epistemology and axiology; philosophy of education falls in the third. It is, therefore, mainly concerned with education values.
Role of School in the process of socialization
Unit-3. [C] Role of School in the process of socialization
`School is an important part of the society. It is known as social organization because it is the school which provides an exposure to educands and it prepares the students to occupy social roles according to their capacities after receiving the school. School is considered a sa second home for for students because it is a school where in students passes most of the time of his day and this is utilized in form of learning. Every educand learns about social life, social norms and social believes etc..and he will be produced as a social being. So in OS in the process of socialization school plays a very significant role. Its functions are as under.
The first and the foremost function of the school is to transmit knowledge and skills to the younger generation. So in the process of socialization the younger generation can utilize the knowledge and skills. They are become aware about social rights, rules, regulation and social believers so that they live according to their own ideas and knowledge. The agricultural institutions tell the sons of cultivators about better means of cultivation. All schools impart knowledge of 3rs I.E., Reading, Writing and arithmetic which help students to skillfully manage the household affairs and also matters concerning everyday life. These 3rs are converted into 7rs i.e. reading writing, arithmetic, relationship, responsibilities, recreation only through school education because school education which make educands familiar about social responsibilities as a social being. They develop thinking skill so recreation lies in their behavior.
School keeps the moral power of the society, secure and also maintain social heritage of the society. This social heritage is handed on the following generation by the school. So it brings awareness in an individual about moral power of society and social heritage. Ex. Have a skit related to society.
School protects the historical continuity of society. It performs the function of acquainting the new generation with ancient myths and legends and maintaining the patterns of behavior in the form of traditions and customs. So students become aware about ancient myths and legends and behavior thereby they behave in a particular social way. Ex. By performing drama.
The school is like a family, a social; institution which socializes the individual and provides him some experience in social control therefore , the individual will learn to accept the kind of social control that is imposed on him in school and will also demand similar social control from society for this reason , there is a great insistence in democratic countries that the atmosphere in the school should be democratic and we find the democratic climate in school around us which acquaints students with democratic norms of social control which is very important in the process of socialization. Thus students learn how to live with democratic norms and how to behave with each other which help in the process of socialization.
School fosters all round development of personality Students, physical, mental, emotional and social . School involves all students in different co- curricular activities so that students develop physically, mentally and socially. Eg. Curricular activities like Puzzles, games, group discussion, sport related to the curriculum. Which develop students physically, socially and mentally thinking skills and co –curricular or extra activities including debate, elocution,
competition, drawing etc.. develop individual differences and particular skills to educands. They also develop social leadership qualities other political leadership traits etc..which indirectly help every individual to be asocial being that mean every individual are socialized by such activities.
The school provides social environment before children by organizing students inions, social service camp social functions and parents- teacher association etc.. So that all the socially desirable values namely sympathy, co- operation, tolerance, social awakening and discipline in them so school develops social dealing in all children.
School works under the light of social ideals and develop the child with reference to such ideals and aims. School encourages children to come in active contact with the libraries and youth welfare countries organized by the community or Govt.
The miniature school life is brought into active and lively contact with wider world out-sides that means school provides a conducive climate. The head masters and teachers allow freedom to the students which make them more responsible. They impart knowledge of social customs and traditions and develop values of society among students.
These are the main functions of school in the process of socialization.
`School is an important part of the society. It is known as social organization because it is the school which provides an exposure to educands and it prepares the students to occupy social roles according to their capacities after receiving the school. School is considered a sa second home for for students because it is a school where in students passes most of the time of his day and this is utilized in form of learning. Every educand learns about social life, social norms and social believes etc..and he will be produced as a social being. So in OS in the process of socialization school plays a very significant role. Its functions are as under.
The first and the foremost function of the school is to transmit knowledge and skills to the younger generation. So in the process of socialization the younger generation can utilize the knowledge and skills. They are become aware about social rights, rules, regulation and social believers so that they live according to their own ideas and knowledge. The agricultural institutions tell the sons of cultivators about better means of cultivation. All schools impart knowledge of 3rs I.E., Reading, Writing and arithmetic which help students to skillfully manage the household affairs and also matters concerning everyday life. These 3rs are converted into 7rs i.e. reading writing, arithmetic, relationship, responsibilities, recreation only through school education because school education which make educands familiar about social responsibilities as a social being. They develop thinking skill so recreation lies in their behavior.
School keeps the moral power of the society, secure and also maintain social heritage of the society. This social heritage is handed on the following generation by the school. So it brings awareness in an individual about moral power of society and social heritage. Ex. Have a skit related to society.
School protects the historical continuity of society. It performs the function of acquainting the new generation with ancient myths and legends and maintaining the patterns of behavior in the form of traditions and customs. So students become aware about ancient myths and legends and behavior thereby they behave in a particular social way. Ex. By performing drama.
The school is like a family, a social; institution which socializes the individual and provides him some experience in social control therefore , the individual will learn to accept the kind of social control that is imposed on him in school and will also demand similar social control from society for this reason , there is a great insistence in democratic countries that the atmosphere in the school should be democratic and we find the democratic climate in school around us which acquaints students with democratic norms of social control which is very important in the process of socialization. Thus students learn how to live with democratic norms and how to behave with each other which help in the process of socialization.
School fosters all round development of personality Students, physical, mental, emotional and social . School involves all students in different co- curricular activities so that students develop physically, mentally and socially. Eg. Curricular activities like Puzzles, games, group discussion, sport related to the curriculum. Which develop students physically, socially and mentally thinking skills and co –curricular or extra activities including debate, elocution,
competition, drawing etc.. develop individual differences and particular skills to educands. They also develop social leadership qualities other political leadership traits etc..which indirectly help every individual to be asocial being that mean every individual are socialized by such activities.
The school provides social environment before children by organizing students inions, social service camp social functions and parents- teacher association etc.. So that all the socially desirable values namely sympathy, co- operation, tolerance, social awakening and discipline in them so school develops social dealing in all children.
School works under the light of social ideals and develop the child with reference to such ideals and aims. School encourages children to come in active contact with the libraries and youth welfare countries organized by the community or Govt.
The miniature school life is brought into active and lively contact with wider world out-sides that means school provides a conducive climate. The head masters and teachers allow freedom to the students which make them more responsible. They impart knowledge of social customs and traditions and develop values of society among students.
These are the main functions of school in the process of socialization.
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